Permukiman [5] |
Arsitektur [10] |
Umum [3] |
Materi [1] |
Presentasi [9] |
Tugas [3] |
SPA 5
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Total entries in catalog: 37 Shown entries: 21-30 |
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Perencanaan Umum Lingkungan Permukiman |
MK. PERMUKIMAN |
Tentang isi Agenda 21 |
Architecture and Civil Engineering ARCHITECTURE With many national economies booming, the year 1997 was a good one for architecture in much of the world. It was also a year of increasing internationalism. Several of the most prominent American firms were doing as much as half their work overseas. At the same time, when the Museum of Modern Art in New York City chose 10 finalists to compete for the job of expanding its facilities, 6 of the firms were either European or East Asian. The biggest news, however, was the formal opening of two long-anticipated art museums, one in Los Angeles and the other in Bilbao, Spain. Each was designed by one of the world's most prominent architects, both winners of the Pritzker Prize. The two buildings seemed to define a watershed between an older and a newer kind of architecture. |
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The History of Western Architecture The United States The locus for creative architecture in the United States remained the Middle West, although Californians such as the brothers Charles Sumner Greene and Henry Mather Greene struck occasional regional and modern notes, as in the Gamble House at Pasadena, Calif. (1908-09). The second generation of architects of the Chicago school, such as William G. Purcell, G.G. Elmslie, and William Drummond, disseminated Middle Western modern architecture throughout the United States |
he History of Western Architecture From the 19th to the early 20th century. The great change that occurred at the beginning of the 19th century, when the Gothic Revival moved from a phase of sentimental and picturesque attraction to one of greater archaeological exactitude, was determined largely by the research and publications of antiquarians. In the Itinerarium Curiosum of 1725 William Stukeley first introduced plans, in addition to topographical views, of Gothic buildings; but it was not until 1753, with the publication of Francis Price's Salisbury, that sectional drawings were included. Knowledge was but slowly accumulated, and active, enterprising scholars appeared only toward the end of the 18th century. Foremost of these was John Carter, author of The Ancient Architecture of England (1795 and 1807), in which Gothic details were more faithfully and accurately recorded than in any earlier publication. Thomas Rickman designated the various styles of medieval architecture in An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture (1817), and the French refugee Augustus Charles Pugin, who was first employed by Nash, produced a series of meticulously measured details in Specimens of Gothic Architecture (1821-23). The great popularizer of Gothic archaeology was John Britton, who diffused a knowledge of the medieval buildings of Great Britain with two series of books, The Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain (1807-26) and The History and Antiquities of the Cathedral (Churches of England) (1814-35). |
The History of Western Architecture After World War II. Initially, the leading interwar architects of modernism, Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, Wright, and Aalto, continued to dominate the scene. In the United States, Gropius, with Breuer, introduced modern houses to Lincoln, Mass., a Boston suburb, and formed a group, The Architects Collaborative, the members of which designed the thoroughly modern Harvard Graduate Center (1949-50). Mies became dean of the department of architecture at the Illinois Institute of Technology at Chicago in 1938 and designed its new campus. Crown Hall (1952-56) marked the apogee of this quarter-century project. |